Software / code / prosody-modules
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mod_firewall/README.markdown @ 2370:5fe483b73fd2
mod_firewall: Rate limiting: Document 'entries' and add option to allow overflowing when full
| author | Matthew Wild <mwild1@gmail.com> |
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| date | Tue, 15 Nov 2016 21:55:12 +0000 |
| parent | 2369:2fb11d34087e |
| child | 2375:7ad312b4cefe |
| rev | line source |
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1 --- |
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2 labels: |
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3 - 'Stage-Alpha' |
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4 summary: 'A rule-based stanza filtering module' |
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5 ... |
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6 |
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7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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9 **Note:** mod\_firewall is in its very early stages. This documentation |
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10 is liable to change, and some described functionality may be missing, |
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11 incomplete or contain bugs. Feedback is welcome in the comments section |
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12 at the bottom of this page. |
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14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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16 Introduction |
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17 ============ |
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19 A firewall is an invaluable tool in the sysadmin's toolbox. However |
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20 while low-level firewalls such as iptables and pf are incredibly good at |
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21 what they do, they are generally not able to handle application-layer |
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22 rules. |
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24 The goal of mod\_firewall is to provide similar services at the XMPP |
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25 layer. Based on rule scripts it can efficiently block, bounce, drop, |
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26 forward, copy, redirect stanzas and more! Furthermore all rules can be |
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27 applied and updated dynamically at runtime without restarting the |
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28 server. |
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30 Details |
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31 ======= |
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33 mod\_firewall loads one or more scripts, and compiles these to Lua code |
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34 that reacts to stanzas flowing through Prosody. The firewall script |
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35 syntax is unusual, but straightforward. |
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37 A firewall script is dominated by rules. Each rule has two parts: |
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38 conditions, and actions. When a stanza matches all of the conditions, |
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39 all of the actions are executed in order. |
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| 41 Here is a simple example to block stanzas from spammer@example.com: | |
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43 FROM: spammer@example.com |
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44 DROP. |
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46 FROM is a condition, and DROP is an action. This is about as simple as |
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47 it gets. How about heading to the other extreme? Let's demonstrate |
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48 something more complex that mod\_firewall can do for you: |
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50 %ZONE myorganisation: staff.myorg.example, support.myorg.example |
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52 ENTERING: myorganisation |
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53 KIND: message |
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54 TIME: 12am-9am, 5pm-12am, Saturday, Sunday |
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55 REPLY=Sorry, I am afraid our office is closed at the moment. If you need assistance, please call our 24-hour support line on 123-456-789. |
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57 This rule will reply with a short message whenever someone tries to send |
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58 a message to someone at any of the hosts defined in the 'myorganisation' |
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59 outside of office hours. |
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61 Firewall rules should be written to a `ruleset.pfw` file. Multiple such |
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62 rule files can be specified in the configuration using: |
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63 |
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64 firewall_scripts = { "path/to/ruleset.pfw" } |
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66 Conditions |
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67 ---------- |
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68 |
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69 All conditions must come before any action in a rule block. The |
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70 condition name is followed by a colon (':'), and the value to test for. |
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72 A condition can be preceded or followed by `NOT` to negate its match. |
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73 For example: |
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75 NOT FROM: user@example.com |
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76 KIND NOT: message |
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78 ### Zones |
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80 A 'zone' is one or more hosts or JIDs. It is possible to match when a |
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81 stanza is entering or leaving a zone, while at the same time not |
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82 matching traffic passing between JIDs in the same zone. |
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84 Zones are defined at the top of a script with the following syntax (they |
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85 are not part of a rule block): |
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87 %ZONE myzone: host1, host2, user@host3, foo.bar.example |
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89 A host listed in a zone also matches all users on that host (but not |
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90 subdomains). |
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| 92 The following zone-matching conditions are supported: | |
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94 Condition Matches |
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95 ------------ ------------------------------------------ |
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96 `ENTERING` When a stanza is entering the named zone |
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97 `LEAVING` When a stanza is leaving the named zone |
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99 ### Stanza matching |
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101 Condition Matches |
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102 ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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103 `KIND` The kind of stanza. May be 'message', 'presence' or 'iq' |
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104 `TYPE` The type of stanza. This varies depending on the kind of stanza. See 'Stanza types' below for more information. |
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105 `PAYLOAD` The stanza contains a child with the given namespace. Useful for determining the type of an iq request, or whether a message contains a certain extension. |
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106 `INSPECT` The node at the specified path exists or matches a given string. This allows you to look anywhere inside a stanza. See below for examples and more. |
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107 |
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108 #### Stanza types |
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110 Stanza Valid types |
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111 ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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112 iq get, set, result, error |
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113 presence *available*, unavailable, probe, subscribe, subscribed, unsubscribe, unsubscribed, error |
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114 message normal, chat, groupchat, headline, error |
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116 **Note:** The type 'available' for presence does not actually appear in |
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117 the protocol. Available presence is signalled by the omission of a type. |
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118 Similarly, a message stanza with no type is equivalent to one of type |
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119 'normal'. mod\_firewall handles these cases for you automatically. |
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121 #### INSPECT |
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123 INSPECT takes a 'path' through the stanza to get a string (an attribute |
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124 value or text content). An example is the best way to explain. Let's |
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125 check that a user is not trying to register an account with the username |
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126 'admin'. This stanza comes from [XEP-0077: In-band |
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127 Registration](http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0077.html#example-4): |
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129 ``` xml |
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130 <iq type='set' id='reg2'> |
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131 <query xmlns='jabber:iq:register'> |
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132 <username>bill</username> |
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133 <password>Calliope</password> |
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134 <email>bard@shakespeare.lit</email> |
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135 </query> |
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136 </iq> |
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137 ``` |
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139 KIND: iq |
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140 TYPE: set |
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141 PAYLOAD: jabber:iq:register |
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142 INSPECT: {jabber:iq:register}query/username#=admin |
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143 BOUNCE=not-allowed (The username 'admin' is reserved.) |
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144 |
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145 That weird string deserves some explanation. It is a path, divided into |
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146 segments by '/'. Each segment describes an element by its name, |
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147 optionally prefixed by its namespace in curly braces ('{...}'). If the |
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148 path ends with a '\#' then the text content of the last element will be |
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149 returned. If the path ends with '@name' then the value of the attribute |
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150 'name' will be returned. |
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152 You can use INSPECT to test for the existence of an element or attribute, |
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153 or you can see if it is equal to a string by appending `=STRING` (as in the |
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154 example above). Finally,you can also test whether it matches a given Lua |
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155 pattern by using `~=PATTERN`. |
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156 |
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157 INSPECT is somewhat slower than the other stanza matching conditions. To |
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158 minimise performance impact, always place it below other faster |
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159 condition checks where possible (e.g. above we first checked KIND, TYPE |
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160 and PAYLOAD matched before INSPECT). |
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162 ### Sender/recipient matching |
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164 Condition Matches |
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165 ----------- ------------------------------------------------------- |
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166 `FROM` The JID in the 'from' attribute matches the given JID |
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167 `TO` The JID in the 'to' attribute matches the given JID |
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169 These conditions both accept wildcards in the JID when the wildcard |
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170 expression is enclosed in angle brackets ('\<...\>'). For example: |
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171 |
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172 # All users at example.com |
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173 FROM: <*>@example.com |
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175 # The user 'admin' on any subdomain of example.com |
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176 FROM: admin@<*.example.com> |
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177 |
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178 You can also use [Lua's pattern |
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179 matching](http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#5.4.1) for more |
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180 powerful matching abilities. Patterns are a lightweight |
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181 regular-expression alternative. Simply contain the pattern in double |
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182 angle brackets. The pattern is automatically anchored at the start and |
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183 end (so it must match the entire portion of the JID). |
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185 # Match admin@example.com, and admin1@example.com, etc. |
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186 FROM: <<admin%d*>>@example.com |
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187 |
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188 **Note:** It is important to know that 'example.com' is a valid JID on |
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189 its own, and does **not** match 'user@example.com'. To perform domain |
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190 whitelists or blacklists, use Zones. |
| 1782 | 191 |
| 2047 | 192 Condition Matches |
| 193 ---------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| 194 `FROM_EXACTLY` The JID in the 'from' attribute exactly matches the given JID | |
| 195 `TO_EXACTLY` The JID in the 'to' attribute exactly matches the given JID | |
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196 |
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197 These additional conditions do not support pattern matching, but are |
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198 useful to match the exact to/from address on a stanza. For example, if |
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199 no resource is specified then only bare JIDs will be matched. TO and FROM |
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200 match all resources if no resource is specified to match. |
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201 |
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202 **Note:** Some chains execute before Prosody has performed any |
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203 normalisation or validity checks on the to/from JIDs on an incoming |
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204 stanza. It is not advisable to perform access control or similar rules |
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205 on JIDs in these chains (see the chain documentation for more info). |
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207 ### Roster |
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208 |
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209 These functions access the roster of the recipient (only). Therefore they cannot (currently) |
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210 be used in some chains, such as for outgoing messages (the recipient may be on another server). |
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211 |
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212 Performance note: this check can potentially cause storage access (especially if the recipient |
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213 is currently offline), so you may want to limit its use in high-traffic situations, and place |
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214 it below other checks (such as a rate limiter). |
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215 |
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216 #### IN_ROSTER |
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217 |
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218 Tests whether the sender is in the recipient's roster. |
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219 |
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220 IN_ROSTER: yes |
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221 |
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222 #### IN_ROSTER_GROUP |
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223 |
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224 Tests whether the sender is in the recipient's roster, and in the named group. |
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225 |
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226 IN_ROSTER_GROUP: Friends |
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227 |
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228 ### Time and date |
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230 #### TIME |
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231 |
| 1782 | 232 Matches stanzas sent during certain time periods. |
| 233 | |
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234 Condition Matches |
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235 ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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236 TIME When the current server local time is within one of the comma-separated time ranges given |
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238 TIME: 10pm-6am, 14:00-15:00 |
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239 REPLY=Zzzz. |
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240 |
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241 #### DAY |
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242 |
| 1782 | 243 It is also possible to match only on certain days of the week. |
| 244 | |
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245 Condition Matches |
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246 ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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247 DAY When the current day matches one, or falls within a rage, in the given comma-separated list of days |
| 1782 | 248 |
| 249 Example: | |
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250 |
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251 DAY: Sat-Sun, Wednesday |
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252 REPLY=Sorry, I'm out enjoying life! |
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254 All times and dates are handled in the server's local time. |
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255 |
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256 ### Rate-limiting |
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257 |
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258 It is possible to selectively rate-limit stanzas, and use rules to |
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259 decide what to do with stanzas when over the limit. |
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261 First, you must define any rate limits that you are going to use in your |
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262 script. Here we create a limiter called 'normal' that will allow 2 |
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263 stanzas per second, and then we define a rule to bounce messages when |
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264 over this limit. Note that the `RATE` definition is not part of a rule |
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265 (multiple rules can share the same limiter). |
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267 %RATE normal: 2 (burst 3) |
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269 KIND: message |
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270 LIMIT: normal |
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271 BOUNCE=policy-violation (Sending too fast!) |
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273 The 'burst' parameter on the rate limit allows you to spread the limit |
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274 check over a given time period. For example the definition shown above |
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275 will allow the limit to be temporarily surpassed, as long as it is |
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276 within the limit after 3 seconds. You will almost always want to specify |
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277 a burst factor. |
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279 Both the rate and the burst can be fractional values. For example a rate |
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280 of 0.1 means only one event is allowed every 10 seconds. |
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282 The LIMIT condition actually does two things; first it counts against |
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283 the given limiter, and then it checks to see if the limiter over its |
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284 limit yet. If it is, the condition matches, otherwise it will not. |
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286 Condition Matches |
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287 ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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288 `LIMIT` When the named limit is 'used up'. Using this condition automatically counts against that limit. |
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290 **Note:** Reloading mod\_firewall resets the current state of any |
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291 limiters. |
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292 |
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293 #### Dynamic limits |
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294 |
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295 Sometimes you may want to have multiple throttles in a single condition, using some property of the session or stanza |
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296 to determine which throttle to use. For example, you might have a limit for incoming stanzas, but you want to limit by |
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297 sending JID, instead of all incoming stanzas sharing the same limit. |
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298 |
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299 You can use the 'on' keyword for this, like so: |
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300 |
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301 LIMIT: normal on EXPRESSION |
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302 |
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303 For more information on expressions, see the section later in this document. |
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304 |
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305 Each value of 'EXPRESSION' has to be tracked individually in a table, which uses a small amount of memory. To prevent |
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306 memory exhaustion, the number of tracked values is limited to 1000 by default. You can override this by setting the |
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307 maximum number of table entries when you define the rate: |
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308 |
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309 %RATE normal: 2 (burst 3) (entries 4096) |
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310 |
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311 Old values are automatically removed from the tracking table. However if the tracking table becomes full, new entries |
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312 will be rejected - it will behave as if the rate limit was reached, even for values that have not been seen before. Since |
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313 this opens up a potential denial of service (innocent users may be affected if malicious users can fill up the tracking |
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314 table within the limit period). You can choose to instead "fail open", and allow the rate limit to be temporarily bypassed |
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315 when the table is full. To choose this behaviour, add `(allow overflow)` to the RATE definition. |
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316 |
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317 ### Session marking |
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318 |
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319 It is possible to 'mark' sessions (see the MARK_ORIGIN action below). To match stanzas from marked sessions, use the |
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320 `ORIGIN_MARKED` condition. |
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321 |
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322 Condition Description |
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323 ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- |
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324 ORIGIN_MARKED: markname Matches if the origin has been marked with 'markname'. |
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325 ORIGIN_MARKED: markname (Xs) Matches if the origin has been marked with 'markname' within the past X seconds. |
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326 |
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327 Example usage: |
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328 |
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329 # This rule drops messages from sessions that have been marked as spammers in the past hour |
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330 ORIGIN_MARKED: spammer (3600s) |
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331 DROP. |
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332 |
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333 # This rule marks the origin session as a spammer if they send a message to a honeypot JID |
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334 KIND: message |
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335 TO: honeypot@example.com |
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336 MARK_ORIGIN=spammer |
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337 |
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338 Actions |
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339 ------- |
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341 Actions come after all conditions in a rule block. There must be at |
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342 least one action, though conditions are optional. |
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344 An action without parameters ends with a full-stop/period ('.'), and one |
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345 with parameters uses an equals sign ('='): |
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346 |
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347 # An action with no parameters: |
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348 DROP. |
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350 # An action with a parameter: |
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351 REPLY=Hello, this is a reply. |
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353 ### Route modification |
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354 |
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355 The most common actions modify the stanza's route in some way. Currently |
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356 the first matching rule to do so will halt further processing of actions |
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357 and rules (this may change in the future). |
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359 Action Description |
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360 ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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361 `PASS.` Stop executing actions and rules on this stanza, and let it through this chain. |
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362 `DROP.` Stop executing actions and rules on this stanza, and discard it. |
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363 `REDIRECT=jid` Redirect the stanza to the given JID. |
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364 `REPLY=text` Reply to the stanza (assumed to be a message) with the given text. |
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365 `BOUNCE.` Bounce the stanza with the default error (usually service-unavailable) |
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366 `BOUNCE=error` Bounce the stanza with the given error (MUST be a defined XMPP stanza error, see [RFC6120](http://xmpp.org/rfcs/rfc6120.html#stanzas-error-conditions). |
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367 `BOUNCE=error (text)` As above, but include the supplied human-readable text with a description of the error |
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368 `COPY=jid` Make a copy of the stanza and send the copy to the specified JID. The copied stanza flows through Prosody's routing code, and as such is affected by firewall rules. Be careful to avoid loops. |
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369 |
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370 **Note:** It is incorrect behaviour to reply to an 'error' stanza with another error, so BOUNCE will simply act the same as 'DROP' for stanzas that should not be bounced (error stanzas and iq results). |
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371 |
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372 ### Stanza modification |
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374 These actions make it possible to modify the content and structure of a |
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375 stanza. |
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377 Action Description |
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378 ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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379 `STRIP=name` Remove any child elements with the given name in the default namespace |
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380 `STRIP=name namespace` Remove any child elements with the given name and the given namespace |
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381 `INJECT=xml` Inject the given XML into the stanza as a child element |
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383 ### Sessions |
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384 |
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385 It is possible to mark sessions, and then use these marks to match rules later on. |
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386 |
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387 Action Description |
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388 ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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389 `MARK_ORIGIN=mark` Marks the originating session with the given flag. |
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390 `UNMARK_ORIGIN=mark` Removes the given mark from the origin session (if it is set). |
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391 |
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392 **Note:** Marks apply to sessions, not JIDs. E.g. if marking in a rule that matches a stanza received |
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393 over s2s, it is the s2s session that is marked. |
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394 |
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395 It is possible to have multiple marks on an origin at any given time. |
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396 |
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397 ### Informational |
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398 |
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399 Action Description |
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400 --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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401 `LOG=message` Logs the given message to Prosody's log file. Optionally prefix it with a log level in square brackets, e.g. `[debug]` |
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402 |
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403 You can include expressions in log messages, using `$(...)` syntax. For example, to log the stanza that matched the rule, you can use $(stanza), |
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404 or to log just the top tag of the stanza, use $(stanza:top_tag()). |
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405 |
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406 Example: |
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407 |
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408 # Log all stanzas to user@example.com: |
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409 TO: user@example.com |
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410 LOG=[debug] User received: $(stanza) |
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411 |
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412 More info about expressions can be found below. |
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413 |
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414 Chains |
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415 ------ |
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416 |
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417 Rules are grouped into "chains", which are injected at particular points in Prosody's routing code. |
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418 |
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419 Available chains are: |
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420 |
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421 Chain Description |
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422 -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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423 deliver Applies to stanzas delivered to local recipients (regardless of the stanza's origin) |
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424 deliver_remote Applies to stanzas delivered to remote recipients (just before they leave the local server) |
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425 preroute Applies to incoming stanzas from local users, before any routing rules are applied |
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426 |
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427 A chain is begun by a line `::name` where 'name' is the name of the chain you want the following rules to be |
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428 inserted into. If no chain is specified, rules are put into the 'deliver' chain. |
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429 |
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430 It is possible to create custom chains (useful with the JUMP_CHAIN action described below). User-created |
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431 chains must begin with "user/", e.g. "user/spam_filtering". |
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432 |
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433 Example of chain use: |
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434 |
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435 # example.com's firewall script |
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436 |
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437 # This line is optional, because 'deliver' is the default chain anyway: |
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438 ::deliver |
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439 |
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440 # This rule matches any stanzas delivered to our local user bob: |
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441 TO: bob@example.com |
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442 DROP. |
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443 |
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444 # Oops! This rule will never match, because alice is not a local user, |
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445 # and only stanzas to local users go through the 'deliver' chain: |
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446 TO: alice@remote.example.com |
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447 DROP. |
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448 |
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449 # Create a 'preroute' chain of rules (matched for incoming stanzas from local clients): |
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450 ::preroute |
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451 # These rules are matched for outgoing stanzas from local clients |
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452 |
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453 # This will match any stanzas sent to alice from a local user: |
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454 TO: alice@remote.example.com |
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455 DROP. |
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456 |
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457 Action Description |
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458 ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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459 `JUMP_CHAIN=name` Switches chains, and passes the stanza through the rules in chain 'name'. If the new chain causes the stanza to be dropped/redirected, the current chain halts further processing. |
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460 |
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461 Expressions |
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462 ----------- |
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463 |
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464 Some conditions and actions in rules support "expressions" in their parameters (their documentation will indicate if this is the case). Most parameters |
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465 are static once the firewall script is loaded and compiled internally, however parameters that allow expressions can be dynamically calculated when a |
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466 rule is being run. |
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467 |
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468 There are two kinds of expression that you can use: stanza expressions, and code expressions. |
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469 |
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470 Stanza expressions are of the form `$<...>`, where `...` is a stanza path. For syntax of stanza paths, see the documentation for the 'INSPECT' condition |
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471 above. |
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472 |
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473 Example: |
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474 |
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475 LOG=Matched a stanza from $<@from> to $<@to> |
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476 |
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477 If the path does not match (e.g. the element isn't found, or the attribute doesn't exist) it will return the text `<undefined>`. You can override this |
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478 by specifying an alternative default value, using the syntax `$<path||default>`. |
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479 |
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480 Code expressions use `$(...)` syntax. Code expressions are powerful, and allow unconstrained access to Prosody's internal environment. Therefore |
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481 code expressions are typically for advanced use-cases only. You may want to refer to Prosody's [developer documentation](https://prosody.im/doc/developers) |
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482 for more information. In particular, within code expressions you may access the 'session' object, which is the session object of the origin of the stanza, |
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483 and the 'stanza' object, which is the stanza being considered within the current rule. Whatever value the expression returns will be converted to a string. |
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484 |
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485 Example to limit stanzas per session type: |
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486 |
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487 LIMIT: normal on $(session.type) |
